Sejarah Bahasa Pemograman C++

Posted: Maret 20, 2012 in Uncategorized

C + +  adalah bahasa pemrograman untuk tujuan umum. Hal ini dianggap sebagai bahasa tingkat menengah, karena terdiri dari gabungan kedua tingkat tinggi dan ttingkat rendah dari bahasa fitur. Ia dikembangkan oleh Bjarne Stroustrup pada tahun 1979 di Bell Labs sebagai perangkat tambahan dengan bahasa pemrograman C dan awalnya bernama “C with Classes”. Ia diganti ke C + + pada tahun 1983.

C + + banyak digunakan dalam industri perangkat lunak. Beberapa dari aplikasi domain termasuk sistem perangkat lunak, perangkat driver, perangkat lunak tertanam, server berkinerja tinggi dan aplikasi-aplikasi client, dan perangkat lunak hiburan seperti video game. Beberapa kelompok memberikan keduanya kebebasan dan hak milik C + + kompiler software, termasuk GNU Project, Microsoft, Intel, Borland dan lain-lain.

Bahasa bermula sebagai perangkat tambahan ke C, pertama-tama menambahkan kelas-kelas, maka fungsi virtual, operator overloading, banyak warisan, template, dan penanganan pengecualian dari berbagai fitur lainnya. Setelah tahun pembangunan, C + + adalah bahasa pemrograman standar meratifikasi pada tahun 1998 sebagai ISO / IEC 14882: 1998. Standar yang berlaku adalah versi 2003, ISO / IEC 14882:2003. The next standard version (known informally as C++0x ) is in development. Versi standar berikutnya (dikenal sebagai informal C + +0 x) adalah dalam pembangunan.
C++ is a statically typed , free-form , multi-paradigm , compriled language where compilation creates machine code for a target machine hardware. C + + adalah type statik free-form, multi-paradigma, dikompilasi bahasa dimana kompilasi menciptakan kode mesin untuk target hardware komputer.

Sejarah

Bjarne Stroustrup, pencipta C + +.
Stroustrup mulai bekerja pada C with classes pada tahun 1979. Ide untuk membuat bahasa yang baru berasal dari Stroustrup dari pengalaman dalam pemrograman untuk Ph.D. tesis. Stroustrup menemukan bahwa Simula memiliki fitur yang sangat besar untuk membantu pengembangan perangkat lunak, tetapi bahasa tersebut terlalu lambat untuk penggunaan praktis, sementara BCPL cepat tetapi itu terlalu rendah tingkat menjadi besar cocok untuk pengembangan piranti lunak.

Ketika mulai bekerja Stroustrup di AT & T Bell Labs, dia mendapat masalah untuk menganalisis UNIX kernel dengan dedikasi untuk didistribusikan komputasi. Mengingat Ph.D. pengalaman, Stroustrup ditetapkan untuk meningkatkan C dengan bahasa Simula seperti fitur. C dipilih karena untuk tujuan umum, cepat, dan banyak digunakan portabel. Selain C dan Simula, beberapa bahasa lain yang terinspirasi dia adalah ALGOL 68, Ada, CLU dan ML. Pada awalnya, kelas, turunan kelas, pemeriksaan jenis yang kuat, inlining, dan default argumen fitur yang ditambahkan ke C melalui Cfront. Komersial rilis pertama pada bulan Oktober 1985.

Pada tahun 1983, nama yang telah diubah dari bahasa C with Classes  ke C + + (+ + sebagai kenaikan operator dalam C dan C + +). Fitur-fitur baru yang ditambahkan termasuk fungsi virtual, nama fungsi dan operator overloading, referensi, konstan, user-controlled free-store memory control, meningkatkan pemeriksaan jenis, dan BCPL satu baris komentar dengan slashes maju (//).Pada tahun 1985, edisi pertama dari The C + + The C++ Programming Language dirilis, menyediakan referensi yang penting untuk bahasa, karena belum resmi standar.

Pada tahun 1989, Release 2,0 C + + telah dirilis. Fitur baru termasuk beberapa warisan, kelas abstrak, statis anggota fungsi anggota const fungsi, dan anggota yang terlindungi. Di tahun 1990, The Annotated C + + Reference Manual telah diterbitkan. Karya ini menjadi dasar untuk standar masa depan. Penambahan fitur terakhir termasuk template, pengecualian, space nama, new cast dan tipe Boorlean.

Sebagai bahasa C + + berkembang, standar library juga berkembang dengannya. Pada edisi pertama C + + standar library adalah streaming I / O perpustakaan yang menyediakan fasilitas untuk menggantikan fungsi tradisional C seperti printf dan scanf. Kemudian, di antara yang paling penting tambahan standar library, adalah Standard Template Library.

C + + yang digunakan terus dan masih menjadi salah satu pilihan bahasa pemrograman untuk mengembangkan aplikasi yang profesional. Bahasa yang telah hilang dari sebagian besar Barat, untuk menarik pemrogram dari seluruh dunia.

 

Sejarah Bahasa Pemrograman JAVA

Sejarah Singkat JAVA

Pada   1991,   sekelompok   insinyur   Sun   dipimpin   oleh   Patrick   Naughton   dan   James
Gosling ingin merancang bahasa komputer untuk perangkat konsumer seperti cable
TV   Box.   Karena   perangkat   tersebut   tidak   memiliki   banyak   memori,   bahasa   harus
berukuran      kecil  dan   mengandung       kode  yang     liat.  Juga  karena    manufaktur     –
manufaktur   berbeda   memilih  processor         yang   berbeda   pula,   maka   bahasa   harus
bebas dari manufaktur manapun. Proyek diberi nama kode ”Green”.

Kebutuhan   untuk   fleksibilitas,   kecil,  liat   dan   kode   yang   netral   terhadap platform
mengantar tim mempelajari implementasi Pascal yang pernah dicoba. Niklaus Wirth,
pencipta     bahasa    Pascal   telah   merancang      bahasa    portabel   yang    menghasilkan
intermediate   code   untuk   mesin   hipotesis.   Mesin   ini   sering   disebut   dengan   mesin
maya  (virtual   machine).   Kode   ini   kemudian   dapat   digunakan   di   sembarang   mesin
yang memiliki interpreter. Proyek Green menggunakan mesin maya untuk mengatasi
isu utama tentang netral terhadap arsitektur mesin.

Karena     orang   –  orang   di  proyek    Green   berbasis   C++    dan   bukan    Pascal   maka
kebanyakan sintaks diambil dari C++, serta mengadopsi orientasi objek dan bukan
prosedural. Mulanya bahasa yang diciptakan diberi nama ”Oak” oleh James Gosling
yang mendapat inspirasi dari sebuah pohon yang berada pada seberang kantornya,
namun dikarenakan nama Oak sendiri merupakan nama bahasa pemrograman yang
telah   ada   sebelumnya,   kemudian   SUN   menggantinya   dengan   JAVA.   Nama   JAVA
sendiri   terinspirasi   pada   saat   mereka   sedang   menikmati   secangkir   kopi   di   sebuah
kedai     kopi   yang    kemudian     dengan     tidak   sengaja     salah   satu   dari   mereka
menyebutkan   kata   JAVA   yang   mengandung   arti   asal   bijih   kopi.   Akhirnya   mereka
sepakat untuk memberikan nama bahasa pemrograman tersebut dengan nama Java.<Source:http://chef-arman.blogspot.com/2011/07/sejarah-singkat-java.html

Senin, 05 April 2010

10 Pertanyaan Tentang Visual Basic

1.     Apakah dalam Visual Basic mempunyai operator..?? Kalau ia coba sebutkan dan jelaskan !!

2.     Ada berapa fungsi kah pemrograman dalam Visual Basic..?? sebutkan dan jelaskan !!

3.     Pada tahun berapakah Visual Basic mulai dikenalkan..??

4.     Sebutkan definisi dari Visual Basic itu sendiri..??

5.     Apakah keunggulan dari pemrograman Visual Basic..??

6.     Ceritakan secara singkat sejarah Visual Basic..??

7.     Apakah guna Visual Basic dalam kehidupan sosial masyarak saat ini..??

8.     Apakah perbedaan antara pemrograman Visual Basic dengan pemrograman Turbo Pascal..??

9.     Apakah kita bisa membuat aplikasi dari program Visual Basic, seperti aplikasi anti virus contohnya..??

10.   Apakah perbedaan tipe data dalam bahasa pemrograman Turbo Pascal dengan bahasa pemrograman Visual Basic..??

Selasa, 30 Maret 2010

VISUAL BASIC

Visual Basic

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This article is about the Visual Basic language shipping with Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0 or earlier. For the Visual Basic language shipping with Microsoft Visual Studio .NET or later, see Visual Basic .NET.

Visual Basic

Paradigm	Object-Based and Event-driven
Developer	Microsoft
Stable release	VB6 (1998)
Typing discipline	Static, strong
Influenced by	QuickBASIC
Influenced	Visual Basic .NET, Gambas,REALbasic, Basic4ppc
OS	Microsoft Windows, MS-DOS
Website	http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vbasic/default.aspx

Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. VB is also considered a relatively easy to learn and use programming language, because of its graphical development features and BASIC heritage.^[1]

Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently.^[2]

A programmer can put together an application using thecomponents provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations.

The final release was version 6 in 1998. Microsoft's extended support ended in March 2008 and the designated successor was Visual Basic .NET (now known simply as Visual Basic).

[edit] Language features

Like the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed to be easily learned and used by beginner programmers. The language not only allows programmers to create simple GUI applications, but can also develop complex applications. Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components or controls on aform, specifying attributes and actions of those components, and writing additional lines of code for more functionality. Since default attributes and actions are defined for the components, a simple program can be created without the programmer having to write many lines of code. Performance problems were experienced by earlier versions, but with faster computers and native code compilation this has become less of an issue.

Although programs can be compiled into native code executablesfrom version 5 onwards, they still require the presence of runtime libraries of approximately 1 MB in size. This runtime is included by default in Windows 2000 and later, but for earlier versions ofWindows like 95/98/NT it must be distributed together with the executable.

Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e.g., text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event handlersassociated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application. For example, code can be inserted into the form resize event handler to reposition a control so that it remains centered on the form, expands to fill up the form, etc. By inserting code into the event handler for a keypress in a text box, the program can automatically translate the case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters from being inserted.

Visual Basic can create executables (EXE files), ActiveX controls, or DLL files, but is primarily used to develop Windows applications and to interface database systems. Dialog boxes with less functionality can be used to provide pop-up capabilities. Controls provide the basic functionality of the application, while programmers can insert additional logic within the appropriate event handlers. For example, a drop-down combination box will automatically display its list and allow the user to select any element. An event handler is called when an item is selected, which can then execute additional code created by the programmer to perform some action based on which element was selected, such as populating a related list.

Alternatively, a Visual Basic component can have no user interface, and instead provide ActiveX objects to other programs viaComponent Object Model (COM). This allows for server-sideprocessing or an add-in module.

The language is garbage collected using reference counting, has a large library of utility objects, and has basic object oriented support. Since the more common components are included in the default project template, the programmer seldom needs to specify additional libraries. Unlike many other programming languages, Visual Basic is generally not case sensitive, although it will transformkeywords into a standard case configuration and force the case of variable names to conform to the case of the entry within the symbol table. String comparisons are case sensitive by default, but can be made case insensitive if so desired.

The Visual Basic compiler is shared with other Visual Studio languages (C, C++), but restrictions in the IDE do not allow the creation of some targets (Windows model DLLs) and threading models.

[edit] Characteristics

Visual Basic has the following traits which differ from C-derived languages:

• Multiple assignment available in C language is not possible. A = B = C does not imply that the values of A, B and C are equal. The boolean result of "Is B = C?" is stored in A. The result stored in A could therefore be false(0) or true(-1)
• Boolean constant True has numeric value −1.^[3] This is because the Boolean data type is stored as a 16-bit signed integer. In this construct −1 evaluates to 16 binary 1s (the Boolean value True), and 0 as 16 0s (the Boolean valueFalse). This is apparent when performing a Not operation on a 16 bit signed integer value 0 which will return the integer value −1, in other words True = Not False. This inherent functionality becomes especially useful when performing logical operations on the individual bits of an integer such asAnd, Or, Xor and Not.^[4] This definition of True is also consistent with BASIC since the early 1970s Microsoft BASIC implementation and is also related to the characteristics of CPU instructions at the time.
• Logical and bitwise operators are unified. This is unlike some C-derived languages (such as Perl), which have separate logical and bitwise operators. This again is a traditional feature of BASIC.
• Variable array base. Arrays are declared by specifying the upper and lower bounds in a way similar to Pascal andFortran. It is also possible to use the Option Base statement to set the default lower bound. Use of the Option Base statement can lead to confusion when reading Visual Basic code and is best avoided by always explicitly specifying the lower bound of the array. This lower bound is not limited to 0 or 1, because it can also be set by declaration. In this way, both the lower and upper bounds are programmable. In more subscript-limited languages, the lower bound of the array is not variable. This uncommon trait does exist in Visual Basic .NET but not in VBScript.

OPTION BASE was introduced by ANSI, with the standard for ANSI Minimal BASIC in the late 1970s.

• Relatively strong integration with the Windows operating system and the Component Object Model. The native types for strings and arrays are the dedicated COM types, BSTR and SAFEARRAY.
• Banker's rounding as the default behavior when converting real numbers to integers with the Round function.^[5] ? Round(2.5, 0) gives 2, ? Round(3.5, 0) gives 4.
• Integers are automatically promoted to reals in expressions involving the normal division operator (/) so that division of an odd integer by an even integer produces the intuitively correct result. There is a specific integer divide operator (\) which does truncate.
• By default, if a variable has not been declared or if no type declaration character is specified, the variable is of typeVariant. However this can be changed with Deftype statements such as DefInt, DefBool, DefVar, DefObj,DefStr. There are 12 Deftype statements in total offered by Visual Basic 6.0. The default type may be overridden for a specific declaration by using a special suffix character on the variable name (# for Double, ! for Single, & for Long, % for Integer, $ for String, and @ for Currency) or using the key phrase As (type). VB can also be set in a mode that only explicitly declared variables can be used with the commandOption Explicit.

[edit] History

VB 1.0 was introduced in 1991. The drag and drop design for creating the user interface is derived from a prototype form generator developed by Alan Cooper and his company called Tripod. Microsoft contracted with Cooper and his associates to develop Tripod into a programmable form system for Windows 3.0, under the code nameRuby (no relation to the Ruby programming language).

Tripod did not include a programming language at all. Microsoft decided to combine Ruby with the Basic language to create Visual Basic.

The Ruby interface generator provided the "visual" part of Visual Basic and this was combined with the "EB" Embedded BASIC engine designed for Microsoft's abandoned "Omega" database system. Ruby also provided the ability to load dynamic link libraries containing additional controls (then called "gizmos"), which later became theVBX interface.^[6]

[edit] Timeline

• Project 'Thunder' was initiated
• Visual Basic 1.0 (May 1991) was released for Windows at the Comdex/Windows World trade show in Atlanta, Georgia.

• Visual Basic 1.0 for DOS was released in September 1992. The language itself was not quite compatible with Visual Basic for Windows, as it was actually the next version of Microsoft's DOS-based BASIC compilers, QuickBASIC and BASIC Professional Development System. The interface used a Text user interface, using extended ASCII characters to simulate the appearance of a GUI.

Visual Basic for MS-DOS

• Visual Basic 2.0 was released in November 1992. The programming environment was easier to use, and its speed was improved. Notably, forms became instantiable objects, thus laying the foundational concepts of class modules as were later offered in VB4.
• Visual Basic 3.0 was released in the summer of 1993 and came in Standard and Professional versions. VB3 included version 1.1 of the Microsoft Jet Database Engine that could read and write Jet (or Access) 1.x databases.
• Visual Basic 4.0 (August 1995) was the first version that could create 32-bit as well as 16-bit Windows programs. It also introduced the ability to write non-GUI classes in Visual Basic. Incompatibilities between different releases of VB4 caused installation and operation problems. While previous versions of Visual Basic had used VBX controls, Visual Basic now used OLE controls (with files names ending in .OCX) instead. These were later to be named ActiveX controls.
• With version 5.0 (February 1997), Microsoft released Visual Basic exclusively for 32-bit versions of Windows. Programmers who preferred to write 16-bit programs were able to import programs written in Visual Basic 4.0 to Visual Basic 5.0, and Visual Basic 5.0 programs can easily be converted with Visual Basic 4.0. Visual Basic 5.0 also introduced the ability to create custom user controls, as well as the ability to compile to native Windows executable code, speeding up calculation-intensive code execution. A free, downloadable Control Creation Edition was also released for creation of ActiveX controls. It was also used as an introductory form of Visual Basic: a regular .exe project could be created and run in the IDE, but not compiled.
• Visual Basic 6.0 (Mid 1998) improved in a number of areas^[7] including the ability to create web-based applications. VB6 has entered Microsoft's "non-supported phase" as of March2008. Although the Visual Basic 6.0 development environment is no longer supported, the runtime is supported on Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7.^[8]
• Mainstream Support for Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 ended on March 31, 2005. Extended support ended in March 2008.^[9] In response, the Visual Basic user community expressed its grave concern and lobbied users to sign a petition to keep the product alive.^[10] Microsoft has so far refused to change their position on the matter. (but see ^[11]) Ironically, around this time (2005), it was exposed that Microsoft's new anti-spyware offering, Microsoft AntiSpyware (part of the GIANT Company Software purchase), was coded in Visual Basic 6.0.^[12] Its replacement, Windows Defender, was rewritten as C++ code.
  

  

  VB DOS Logo
  ^[13]

[edit] Derivative languages

Microsoft has developed derivatives of Visual Basic for use inscripting. Visual Basic itself is derived heavily from BASIC, and subsequently has been replaced with a .NET platform version.

Some of the derived languages are:

• Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is included in many Microsoft applications (Microsoft Office), and also in many third-party products like SolidWorks, AutoCAD,WordPerfect Office 2002, ArcGIS, Sage Accpac ERP, and Business Objects Desktop Intelligence. There are small inconsistencies in the way VBA is implemented in different applications, but it is largely the same language as VB6 and uses the same runtime library.
• VBScript is the default language for Active Server Pages. It can be used in Windows scripting and client-side web page scripting. Although it resembles VB in syntax, it is a separate language and it is executed by vbscript.dll as opposed to the VB runtime. ASP and VBScript should not be confused with ASP.NET which uses the .NET Framework for compiled web pages.
• Visual Basic .NET is Microsoft's designated successor to Visual Basic 6.0, and is part of Microsoft's .NET platform. Visual Basic.Net compiles and runs using the .NET Framework. It is not backwards compatible with VB6. An automated conversion tool exists, but fully automated conversion for most projects is impossible.^[14]
• StarOffice Basic is a Visual Basic compatible interpreter included in StarOffice suite, developed by Sun Microsystems.
• Gambas is a Visual Basic inspired free softwareprogramming language. It is not a clone of Visual Basic, but it does have the ability to convert Visual Basic programs to Gambas.